{"id":9401,"date":"2024-07-03T14:26:12","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:26:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/monochloramine\/"},"modified":"2025-10-06T18:11:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T16:11:59","slug":"monochloramine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine\/","title":{"rendered":"Monochloramine"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9401\" class=\"elementor elementor-9401 elementor-9393\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a96cfeb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a96cfeb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62c4213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62c4213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Monochloramine: The Solution for Water Disinfection<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23828bd elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23828bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Monochloramine: what it is<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monochloramine (NH2Cl) is a disinfectant produced by\u00a0 the reaction between a chlorine source and an ammonia source and it has been used for the treatment of drinking water since the early 20th century.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, monochloramine is used not only for secondary disinfection in municipalapplications but also as a solution for treating cold and hot sanitary water in large buildings and infrastructures such as hospitals and other healthcare facilities, hotels, industrial plants, and cooling systems (evaporative towers). This is done to ensure adequate control of the risk of proliferation of undesirable microorganisms, some of which, like\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"pseudomonasa\">Pseudomonas<\/span><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are potentially hazardous for human\u00a0 health.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17e460c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17e460c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37e210e elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"37e210e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"breadcrumbs\" class=\"rank-math-breadcrumb\"><p><span class=\"last\">Home<\/span><\/p><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2bccd6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f2bccd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c38b94a elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c38b94a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Monochloramine: what it is<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monochloramine (NH2Cl) is a disinfectant produced by\u00a0 the reaction between a chlorine source and an ammonia source and it has been used for the treatment of drinking water since the early 20th century.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, monochloramine is used not only for secondary disinfection in municipalapplications but also as a solution for treating cold and hot sanitary water in large buildings and infrastructures such as hospitals and other healthcare facilities, hotels, industrial plants, and cooling systems (evaporative towers). This is done to ensure adequate control of the risk of proliferation of undesirable microorganisms, some of which, like\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"pseudomonasa\">Pseudomonas<\/span><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are potentially hazardous for human\u00a0 health.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea7304d elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"ea7304d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2450\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2450\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is monochloramine effective against Legionella? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2450\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-370e6a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"370e6a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ddf8fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ddf8fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, and its efficacy is well documented, not only through hundreds of practical applications but also by numerous studies published in scientific journals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The San Francisco water utility was the first to highlight the significant reduction in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> colonisation of premise plumbing following the switch from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/chlorine-dioxide\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chlorine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0to monochloramine for secondary disinfection in 2005.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on this observation, Sanipur developed\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine-generator-sanikill\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SANIKILL<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, initially designed as a technology foro eliminating <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/legionella\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To date, dozens of publications report the satisfactory results obtained with the use of monochloramine: starting from 2011, several national and international groups have documented field-based applications, highlighting the efficacy and safety of this disinfection system, even in case of long-term usage. Here are some examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water Safety Plan, Monochloramine Disinfection and Extensive Environmental Sampling Effectively Control Legionella and Other Waterborne Pathogens in Nosocomial Settings: The Ten-Year Experience of an Italian Hospital.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><b>Microorganisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(2023):1794.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can Monochloramine Offer a Long-Term Solution for Controlling Legionella and Waterborne Pathogens in a Healthcare Facility?\u00a0<\/span><\/i><b>The Analyst<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(2023) 30, 56-62.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A comprehensive evaluation of monochloramine disinfection on water quality, Legionella and other important microorganisms in a hospital.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><b>Water Res.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(2021) 189:116656.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Safety and Effectiveness of Monochloramine Treatment for Disinfecting Hospital Water Networks<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><b>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(2020) 17, 6116.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preventing Healthcare-Associated Legionellosis: Results after 3 Years of Continuous Disinfection of Hot Water with Monochloramine and an Effective Water Safety Plan<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><b>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(2018) 15, 1594-1605.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continuous disinfection by monochloramine on domestic hot water system of healthcare facilities for the control of Legionella contamination. A seven months experience from Italy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><b>J. Health Science,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a02015, 3, 11-17<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaluation of a New Monochloramine Generation System for Controlling Legionella in Building Hot Water Systems<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0S.\u00a0<\/span><b>Infect. Contr. Hosp. Epidemiol.\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35 (2014) 1356.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control of Legionella Contamination with Monochloramine Disinfection in a Large Urban Hospital Hot Water System.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><b>Am. J. Inf. Cont<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">., 40 (2012) e84<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control of Legionella contamination in a hospital water distribution system by monochloramine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><b>Am. J. Inf. Cont<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">., 40\/3 (2012) 279-281<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2451\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2451\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is monochloramine officially recognised as a solution for the elimination of Legionella? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2451\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12400e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12400e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e6af82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e6af82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, monochloramine is mentioned in European guidelines (European Technical Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Investigation of Infections Caused by Legionella Species; ESGLI) and international guidelines (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and the Prevention of Legionellosis, WHO) as an effective solution for the eradication of\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and the prevention of its proliferation. To ensure adequate disinfection coverage, guidelines agree on recommending the use of monochloramine concentrations between 2 and 3 ppm.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2452\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2452\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What are the benefits of monochloramine compared to other disinfectants? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2452\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46a83cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46a83cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d3ac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53d3ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monochloramine is effective against\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and other potentially harmful microorganisms present in water. It exerts its disinfectant action not only on free-livingbacteria but also on those present in biofilm, through which it can effectively penetrate. Its action is also independent of pH.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At usage concentrations, monochloramine is a very stable molecule, allowing it to provide optimal residual disinfection even in the case of long and complex distribution networks, low water consumption, and high temperatures, such as those typical of hot sanitary water. Being a mild oxidant, it does not cause damage or corrosion to the materials of the system in which it is dosed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When produced correctly, it does not generate disinfection by-products, thereby minimising the chemical risk associated with disinfection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The production method is undoubtedly an essential aspect to fully benefit from all the potential advantages of monochloramine: for this reason,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine-generator-sanikill\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SANIKILL<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0ensures the production of monochloramine in-line, directly in the water to be treated without the accumulation of unstable concentrated solutions, and with optimal yield, avoiding the presence of uncombined reagents or undesirable by-products.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2453\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2453\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is monochloramine a biocide? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2453\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8055ed2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8055ed2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-595cd11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"595cd11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 juice:w-full juice:items-end overflow-x-auto gap-2\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"13dd1475-81c6-4ff7-a908-53dfadfdec5a\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 juice:empty:hidden juice:first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, since according to Regulation (EU) No. 528\/2012 (Biocidal Product Regulation, BPR), a biocide is \u201cany substance or mixture in the form in which it is supplied to the user, consisting of, containing, or capable of generating one or more active substances, with the intention of destroying, deterring, rendering harmless, preventing the action of or otherwise exerting a controlling effect on any harmful organism by any means other than mere physical or mechanical action,\u201d monochloramine, which is used to eliminate\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legionella<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and other microorganisms present in water, is indeed a biocide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a biocide, monochloramine can only be marketed by companies listed in Article 95 of the aforementioned regulation, identifiable as authorised suppliers of a given disinfectant for specific applications. According to the BPR, different end uses require different authorisations. In the case of drinking water disinfection, for example, the specific class of use is PT5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regarding its\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine-generator-sanikill\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SANIKILL<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0technology, Sanipur is listed in Article 95 as an authorised supplier of monochloramine for PT5 applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/div>\n<p><\/div>\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2454\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2454\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is monochloramine effective in the presence of biofilm? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2454\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6952af6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6952af6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd302ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd302ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, monochloramine acts on both free-floating bacteria in the water and those that inhabit the biofilm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, which, being strongly oxidising, react immediately with the organic matter of the outermost layers and reach the deeper layers at ineffective residual concentrations, monochloramine has selective reactivity. This allows it to diffuse into the biofilm, penetrating it without being consumed. In this way, it can reach the deepest part, where it exerts its biocidal action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was recently confirmed by an in vitro\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/biointerfaceresearch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/BRIAC136.576.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0conducted by the University of Catania, which demonstrated the efficacy against\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"pseudomonasa\">Pseudomonas<\/span><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0biofilm of monochloramine produced according to the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine-generator-sanikill\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SANIKILL<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0protocol.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2455\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2455\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is it possible to purchase monochloramine-based products? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2455\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ab070 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25ab070\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67f10f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67f10f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, monochloramine cannot be marketed as a ready-to-use product because, while it is stable at low concentrations, such as the in use ones, it is unstable at high concentrations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The adption of a monochloramine-based disinfection strategy therefore necessarily requires the use of suitable precursors and an appropriate system capable of generating and dosing it <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in situ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, that is, directly at the place where it is used.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine-generator-sanikill\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SANIKILL<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0is the patented technology developed by Sanipur for the optimal production and dosing of monochloramine, produced from its precursors ENOXIN and ZEBION.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2456\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2456\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Does the method by which monochloramine is produced affect its characteristics? Which of Sanipur's products utilise monochloramine? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2456\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eda849 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0eda849\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-965795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"965795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, the method by which monochloramine is produced can significantly affect its purity and stability. For example, an uncontrolled and uncoordinated dosing of its precursors (commonly, a solution based on sodium hypochlorite and one containing ammonia) can lead to an imbalance in proportions, resulting in the generation of by-products (e.g., dichloramine) and\/or the presence of uncombined ammonia, which contributes to the onset of nitrification phenomena.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Production strategies that involve the storage of monochloramine at high concentrations is also not optimal: at high concentrations (&gt;100 ppm), monochloramine is highly unstable and undergoes autodecomposition, with a loss of active substance and the release of ammonia and other undesirable by-products.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conversely, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/monochloramine-generator-sanikill\/\">SANIKILL\u2019s<\/a> patented technology allows for the precise control of the combination of the two reagents, optimising reaction conditions to produce pure monochloramine. It generates monochloramine directly in the water flow to be treated, avoiding accumulation at high concentrations<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2457\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2457\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Can monochloramine damage or corrode materials, harming the pipes of the systems in which it is dosed? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2457\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72bbe9d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72bbe9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ddbd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41ddbd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, if produced correctly and generated in pure form, monochloramine is an \u201cironfist in a velvet glove\u201d: while being an effective disinfectant, it is a very mild oxidant and thus is completely compatible with all metallic (stainless steel, carbon steel) and plastic (PPr, PE, multilayer) materials typically found in water systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regarding SANIKILL, practical applications and scientific studies demonstrate the absence of any undesirable effects on piping, even with prolonged use (over 10 years).<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2458\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"9\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2458\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Does the use of monochloramine necessarily cause the occurrence of nitrification phenomena? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2458\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe8321 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe8321\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0322bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0322bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, the use of monochloramine does not necessarily imply the occurrence of nitrification phenomena. These can occur in the presence of uncombined ammonia and, simultaneously, insufficient disinfection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nitrification is a process that involves the conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then into nitrates by specific bacteria.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The use of aSANIKILL, which can produce monochloramine without leaving free ammonia and ensuring an adequate residual of monochloramine along the whole water network, prevents the occurrence of nitrification phenomena. Numerous studies and practical applications demonstrate that the use of SANIKILL does not lead to any nitrification issue.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2459\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"10\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2459\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Can monochloramine cause unusual or unpleasant tastes and odours to the water? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2459\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d862fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d862fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec03626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec03626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, monochloramine itself is, among the chlorine-based disinfectants, the one with the least impact on the organoleptic qualities of water, so much so that some water utilities prefer it for this reason. At the concentrations used in drinking water (never exceeding 3 ppm, according to WHO recommendation), its presence is not clearly perceptible to most people, although individual sensitivity may vary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is also worth noting that, especially at the beginning of the treatment of networks previously lacking adequate disinfection, temporary alterations in the taste and smell of the water may occur, attributable to the action of monochloramine on the biofilm present in the piping system.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Monochloramine: The Solution for Water Disinfection Monochloramine: what it is Monochloramine (NH2Cl) is a disinfectant produced by\u00a0 the reaction between a chlorine source and an ammonia source and it has been used for the treatment of drinking water since the early 20th century. Today, monochloramine is used not only for secondary disinfection in municipalapplications but [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":78,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9401","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9401"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11530,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9401\/revisions\/11530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanipur.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}